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So far, we have looked at two memory structures: the PGA and the UGA. You should understand now that the PGA is private to a process. It is the set of variables that an Oracle dedicated or shared server needs to have independent of a session. The PGA is a "heap" of memory in which other structures may be allocated. The UGA is also a heap of memory in which various session-specific structures may be defined. The UGA is allocated from the PGA when you use a dedicated server to connect to Oracle, and from the SGA under a shared server connection. This implies that when using a shared server, you must size your SGA's large pool to have enough space to cater to every possible user that will ever connect to your database concurrently. So, the SGA of a database supporting shared server connections is generally much larger than the SGA for a similarly configured dedicated server mode-only database. We'll cover the SGA in more detail next.

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Every Oracle instance has one big memory structure referred to as the System Global Area (SGA). This is a large, shared memory structure that every Oracle process will access at one point or another. It varies in size from a few megabytes on small test systems, to hundreds of megabytes on medium-to-large systems, up to many gigabytes for really big systems. On UNIX, the SGA is a physical entity you can "see" from the OS command line. It is physically implemented as a shared memory segment a standalone piece of memory to which processes may attach. It is possible to have an SGA on a system without having any Oracle processes; the memory stands alone. It should be noted, however, that if you have an SGA without any Oracle processes, this is an indication that the database crashed in some fashion. It is an unusual situation, but it can happen. This is what an SGA "looks like" on Red Hat Linux: $ ipcs -m | grep ora 0xbba344b8 1540099 0x39381320 1179655 0x6b08d4e8 491529 0x0d998a20 557067 0xe5b0179c 622604 ora11gr2 ora10gr2 ora11gr1 ora9ir2 ora10gr1 660 660 640 660 660 270532608 538968064 270532608 253755392 610271232 26 16 21 8 15

Read a stream of bytes asynchronously. See also FileStream, NetworkStream, DeflateStream, IsolatedStorageFileStream, and SslStream. Write a stream of bytes asynchronously. See also FileStream. Accept an incoming network socket request asynchronously. Receive data on a network socket asynchronously. Send data on a network socket asynchronously. Make an asynchronous web request. See also FtpWebRequest, SoapWebRequest, and HttpWebRequest.

Note I have five instances on my test/demo machine. This is highly unusual. I needed five instances to test the

Stream.Begin/EndWrite Socket.BeginAccept/EndAccept Socket.BeginReceive/EndRecevie Socket.BeginSend/EndSend WebRequest.Begin/EndGetResponse

various concepts presented in this book on different releases. The only reasonable, correct number of instances on a production machine is one. In real life, never have more than one instance on a given production server. If you need more than one instance on a physical server, you should use virtualization to split that one server into many virtual servers each with its own instance of Oracle.

Five SGAs are represented here and the report shows the OS account that owns the SGA (ora11gr2 for the first one, for example) and the size of the SGA 258MB for the first example. On Windows, you really can t see the SGA as a distinct entity the way you can in UNIX/Linux. Because on the Windows platform Oracle executes as a single process with a single address space, the SGA is allocated as private memory to the oracle.exe process. If you use the Windows Task Manager or some other performance tool, you can see how much memory oracle.exe has allocated, but you can t see what is the SGA versus any other piece of allocated memory.

SqlCommand.Begin/EndExecuteReader SqlCommand.Begin/EndExecuteXmlReader SqlCommand.Begin/EndExecuteNonQuery

Note Unless you have my parameter settings and you are running my exact same version of Oracle on my exact

same OS, you will almost certainly see different numbers than I do. The SGA sizing is very version/OS/parameterdependent.

Execute an SqlCommand asynchronously. Execute a read of XML asynchronously. Execute a nonreading SqlCommand asynchronously.

Within Oracle itself, you can see the SGA regardless of platform, using another magic V$ view called V$SGASTAT. It might look as follows: ops$tkyte%ORA11GR2> compute sum of bytes on pool ops$tkyte%ORA11GR2> break on pool skip 1 ops$tkyte%ORA11GR2> ops$tkyte%ORA11GR2> select pool, name, bytes 2 from v$sgastat 3 order by pool, name; POOL NAME BYTES ------------ ------------------------------ ---------java pool free memory 4194304 ************ ---------sum 4194304 large pool ************ sum shared pool 1:kngisga ADR_CONTROL ADR_INVALIDATION AQ Propagation Scheduling ASH buffers PX msg pool free memory 3894304 300000 ---------4194304 16052 1056 464 16000 5368712

xsoqsehift xssinfo ************ sum buffer_cache fixed_sga log_buffer ************ sum 863 rows selected.

Sometimes you may need to write a few primitives to map .NET asynchronous operations into the F# asynchronous framework. We give some examples later in this section and in 14.

2404 5560 ---------159388244 92274688 1335924 6438912 ---------100049524